Abstract
Metacognition, the cognition about cognition, is closely linked to intelligence and therefore understanding the metacognitive processes underlying intelligence test performance, specifically on Raven’s Progressive Matrices, could help advance the knowledge about intelligence. The measurement of metacognition, is often done using domain-general offline questionnaires or domain-specific online think-aloud protocols. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive awareness and intelligence via the design and use of a novel Meta-Cognitive Awareness Scale – Domain Specific (MCAS-DS) that encourages reflection of task strategy processes. This domain-specific scale was first constructed to measure participants’ awareness of their own metacognition linked to Raven’s Progressive Matrices (SPM). Following discriminatory index and Exploratory Factor Analysis, a 15-item scale was derived. Exploratory Factor Analysis showed five factors: Awareness of Engagement in Self-Monitoring, Awareness of Own Ability, Awareness of Responding Speed/Time, Awareness of Alternative Solutions and Awareness of Requisite Problem-Solving Resources. The intelligence level of ninety-eight adults was then estimated using Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices. Participants also completed the MCAS-DS, and further items that examined their test-taking behavior and Confidence level. Metacognitive awareness was positively correlated to standardized IQ scores derived from the SPM whilst Over-Confidence derived using the Confidence level measure was negatively correlated to SPM. Despite some limitations, this study shows promise for elucidating the relationship between metacognitive awareness and intelligence using the task-specific scale.
Highlights
Intelligence is a higher order cognition associated with metacognition (Swanson, 1992; Veenman and Beishuizen, 2004)
Given the aim of this study is to examine meta-cognitive awareness when performing Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), and no such domain-specific offline questionnaire exists, a scale which focuses on Raven’s Progressive Matrices was constructed
Exploratory Factor Analysis was undertaken to examine the initial 18-item scale which was derived after the Discriminatory Index method, as described earlier, was applied
Summary
Intelligence is a higher order cognition associated with metacognition (Swanson, 1992; Veenman and Beishuizen, 2004). Metacognitive monitoring and metacognitive control are processes related to information flow between two levels, the object- and meta-hierarchical levels, as discussed within a Metacognitive Model proposed by Nelson (1996). The object-level is a lower-level cognition, such as deriving a solution to a problem, which can itself be the subject of a higher meta-level cognition such as thinking about whether all the information required to derive the solution is available (Nelson, 1996). This 2-level (object- and meta-hierarchical levels) system can be extended to a 3-level metacognitive system where the mid-level cognition can both receive monitored information from the lowest level and itself being subject to the highest third level cognition’s control (Narens et al, 1996). Others have proposed first-order, post-decisional and secondorder models in an attempt to account for the relationship between self-evaluations of one’s own performance and their actual performance (Fleming and Daw, 2017)
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