Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition comprising deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). The prevalence of this disease is constantly increasing and it is also a chief reason for morbidity. Therefore, the primary prevention of VTE remains a highly important public health issue. At present, its diagnosis generally relies on subjective clinical examination and ultrasound imaging. D-dimer is also used as a biomarker, but it is considered to be poorly specific and only moderately sensitive. There are also no reliable methods that could accurately guide the type of treatment and potentially identify patients who may benefit from more aggressive therapies without the risk of bleeding. The application of metabolomics profiling in the area of vascular diseases may become a turning point in early diagnosis and patient management. Among the most described metabolites possibly related to VTE are carnitine species, glucose, phenylalanine, 3-hydroxybutarate, lactic acid, tryptophan and some monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The cell response to acute PE was suggested to involve the uncoupling between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Despite technological advancement in the identification of metabolites and their alteration in thrombosis, we still do not understand the mechanisms and pathways responsible for the occurrence of observed alterations.
Highlights
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition comprising deep venous thrombosis (DVT)and pulmonary embolism (PE) [1]
Bujak et al [11], analysing metabolic plasma profiles obtained from a pig model of pulmonary embolism, found altered levels of many metabolites involved in glycolysis, intermediates of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, lipid metabolism, and ketone bodies
This study demonstrated that may carcarrageenan-induced thrombosis decreased tryptophan and methionine levels, which rageenan-induced tryptophan andamino methionine may suggest that it had thrombosis an impact ondecreased the metabolism of these acids aslevels, well aswhich a reduced suggest that it had an impact on the metabolism of these amino acids as well as a reduced concentration of linoleic acid
Summary
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition comprising deep venous thrombosis (DVT). and pulmonary embolism (PE) [1]. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a frequent cause of hospital-acquired mortality, which can be prevented by providing an early, specific diagnosis [3]. In some individuals, the presence of DVT may be associated with severe life-threatening pulmonary embolism when blood clots disrupt and migrate [2,4,5,6]. Genetic or acquired biomarkers or risk factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remain unidentified [12]. The time after which the metabolites appear in biological samples and they become indicative of diagnosed disease requires clarification It seems that the application of metabolomic profiles in the diagnosis of disease will require overcoming numerous obstacles before it can be introduced into clinical practice. Altered levels of HDL, choline, taurine, glycine and glucose (specific biomarkers of the initial state of the disease). Altered levels of n-3 long-chain fatty acid lipids
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