Abstract
Root exudates improve the nutrient acquisition of plants and affect rhizosphere microbial communities. The plant nutrient status affects the composition of root exudates. The purpose of this study was to examine common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) root exudates under phosphorus (P) deficiency using a metabolite profiling technique. Common bean plants were grown in a culture solution at P concentrations of 0 (P0), 1 (P1) and 8 (P8) mg P L−1 for 1, 10 and 20 days after transplanting (DAT). Root exudates were collected, and their metabolites were determined by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF MS). The shoot P concentration and dry weight of common bean plants grown at P0 were lower than those grown at P8. One hundred and fifty-nine, 203 and 212 metabolites were identified in the root exudates, and 16% (26/159), 13% (26/203) and 9% (20/212) of metabolites showed a P0/P8 ratio higher than 2.0 at 1, 10 and 20 DAT, respectively. The relative peak areas of several metabolites, including organic acids and amino acids, in root exudates were higher at P0 than at P8. These results suggest that more than 10% of primary and secondary metabolites are induced to exude from roots of common bean by P deficiency.
Highlights
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth
A high-resolution metabolite profiling has been performed to clarify the effect of P nutrition on the changes of metabolites in common bean root exudates
Common bean root exudates were collected from P-sufficient and P-deficient common bean plants with solution culture
Summary
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. Phosphate fertilizer is applied to agricultural soils to replenish phosphorus taken up by plants through their roots. Phosphate fertilizer is produced from phosphate rock. Global P production is predicted to peak around 2030 [1]. It is necessary to plan agricultural strategies in response to the exhaustion of phosphate rock in the future. The rate of P fertilizer application should be reduced; secondly, the low-P tolerance of plants should be improved; and a system of recycling P resources must be established. The low-P tolerance of plants is mainly determined by the ability of plants to acquire P from soil and use
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