Metabolism of Poly-β1,4-N-Acetylglucosamine Substrates and Importation of N-Acetylglucosamine and Glucosamine by Enterococcus faecalis.

Abstract

The ability of Enterococcus faecalis to use a variety of carbon sources enables colonization at various anatomic sites within a mammalian host. N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is one of the most abundant natural sugars and provides bacteria with a source of carbon and nitrogen when metabolized. N-Acetylglucosamine is also a component of bacterial peptidoglycan, further highlighting the significance of N-acetylglucosamine utilization. In this study, we show that CcpA-regulated enzymes are required for growth on the poly-β1,4-linked GlcNAc substrate, chitopentaose (β1,4-linked GlcNAc5). We also show that EF0114 (EndoE) is required for growth on chitobiose (β1,4-linked GlcNAc2) and that the GH20 domain of EndoE is required for the conversion of GlcNAc2 to N-acetylglucosamine. GlcNAc is transported into the cell via two separate phosphotransferase system (PTS) complexes, either the PTS IICBA encoded by ef1516 (nagE) or the Mpt glucose/mannose permease complex (MptBACD). The Mpt PTS is also the primary glucosamine transporter. In order for N-acetylglucosamine to be utilized as a carbon source, phosphorylated N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc-6-P) must be deacetylated, and here, we show that this activity is mediated by EF1317 (an N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase; NagA homolog), as a deletion of ef1317 is unable to grow on GlcNAc as the carbon source. Deamination of glucosamine to fructose-6-phosphate is required for entry into glycolysis, and we show that growth on glucosamine is dependent on EF0466 (a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase; NagB homolog). Collectively, our data highlight the chitinolytic machinery required for breaking down exogenous chitinous substrates, as well as the uptake and cytosolic enzymes needed for metabolizing N-acetylglucosamine. IMPORTANCE Enterococcus faecalis causes life-threatening health care-associated infections in part due to its intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance, its ability to form biofilms, and its nutrient versatility. Alternative nutrient acquisition systems are key factors that contribute to enterococcal colonization at biologically unique host anatomic sites. Although E. faecalis can metabolize an array of carbon sources, little is known of how this bacterium acquires these secondary nutrient sources in mammalian hosts. Our research identifies the glycosidase machinery required for degrading exogenous chitinous substrates into N-acetylglucosamine monomers for transport and metabolism of one of the most abundant naturally occurring sugars, N-acetylglucosamine. Disrupting the function of this N-acetylglucosamine acquisition pathway may lead to new treatments against multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections.