Abstract
ABSTRACTHeavy metals are common marine and soil pollutants that are mainly the result of industrial activity, and are a threat to the environment and human health. In this study, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was applied to adult Danio rerio to monitor the metabolic change as a response to ZnCl2 and CdCl2 exposure at different concentrations for 72 h. NMR spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify the metabolites extracted from D. rerio. The metabolite profiles of the control and heavy metal exposed group were classified by partial least squares – discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) analysis, and potential contaminant-specific biomarkers were suggested. For the ZnCl2-exposed zebrafish, the levels of ATP, aspartate and NAD+ were increased, whereas the levels of formate, inosine, hypoxanthine and succinate decreased. In addition, the CdCl2-exposed zebrafish showed an increase in the levels of ATP and formate and a decrease in the levels of glutamate, inosine and glutathione. Overall, Zn and Cd may lead to neurotoxicity, disturbances in the energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Our finding demonstrated that the application of NMR-based metabolomics might be useful for detecting the toxicity caused by sub-lethal concentrations of heavy metal contaminants in the environment.
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