Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) reside in a specialized microenvironment in the bone marrow (BM) referred to as the osteoblastic and perivascular niches where various components involving the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and their progeny are implicated in shaping the HSC compartment. Of interest, the development of various disorders including leukemia, cancers and autoimmune diseases are associated with abrasions and altered functions of MSC. Herein, we focus attention on the subtypes of MSC in the HSC niche with emphasis on their role in controlling normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Additionally, MSC therapeutic potential in targeting tumor cells will be discussed. Delineation of the cross-talk between MSC and HSC is valuable for a better comprehension of the underlying physiopathology of a given hematologic disorder and might pave the way for new therapeutic approaches.
Highlights
The hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) reside in privileged sites in the bone marrow (BM) which are termed the HSC niches
Further identification standards of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are based on their adherence to plastic surfaces, self-renewal and differentiation potential into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes
Experimental transplantation models of human LSC into immunodeficient mice have proved that leukemic stem cells (LSC), like their normal HSC counterparts, reside in specific niches in the BM microenvironment
Summary
The hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) reside in privileged sites in the bone marrow (BM) which are termed the HSC niches (endosteal and vascular niches) In these locations, a wide variety of cells including the bone lining osteoblasts, vascular endothelial cells, osteoprogenitors, MSC/stromal cells, osteoclasts, adipocytes, macrophages, immune and neural cells has been proposed to play a crucial hematopoietic regulatory role [1,2]. Further identification standards of MSC are based on their adherence to plastic surfaces, self-renewal and differentiation potential into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. Their capacity to differentiate into neurons, skeletal muscle and myocardium was discussed [4,5,6,7]. MSC are not circulating, activation by tissue damage results in their proliferation, differentiation and migration [10].
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