Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells present in virtually all tissues; they have a potent self-renewal capacity and can differentiate into multiple cell types. They also affect the ambient tissue by the paracrine secretion of numerous factors in vivo, including the induction of other stem cells’ differentiation. In vitro, the culture media supernatant is named secretome and contains soluble molecules and extracellular vesicles that retain potent biological function in tissue regeneration. MSCs are considered safe for human treatment; their use does not involve ethical issues, as embryonic stem cells do not require genetic manipulation as induced pluripotent stem cells, and after intravenous injection, they are mainly found in the lugs. Therefore, these cells are currently being tested in various preclinical and clinical trials for several diseases, including COVID-19. Several affected COVID-19 patients develop induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with an uncontrolled inflammatory response. This condition causes extensive damage to the lungs and may leave serious post-COVID-19 sequelae. As the disease may cause systemic alterations, such as thromboembolism and compromised renal and cardiac function, the intravenous injection of MSCs may be a therapeutic alternative against multiple pathological manifestations. In this work, we reviewed the literature about MSCs biology, focusing on their function in pulmonary regeneration and their use in COVID-19 treatment.
Highlights
Stem Cells in the Treatment of Keywords: mesenchymal stem cells; COVID-19; cell therapy; inflammation; tissue regeneration
Several trials are being conducted using Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to regenerate multiple tissues and organs, much remains to be elucidated about their biology and regenerative capacity
A consensus was reached with the content of a tool named “DOSES” which is based on the reporting of five core items: D—donor; O—origin of tissue; S—Separation from other cell types/preparation method; E—exhibited cell characteristics associated with behavior; and S—site of delivery [25,26]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are the best-characterized cells with fibroblast-like morphology, adhere to plastic, and undergo extensive proliferation and multipotent differentiation capacity. These cells have fibroblast-like morphology, adhere to plasclonal expansion confirmed by colony-forming unit fibroblast assay (CFU-F). Mesenchymal stromal cells are present in the stroma of several organs and tissue and are a heterogeneous population comprising several cell types such as stem cells, progenitor cells, fibroblasts, and many others [21,22] It is the stem cells present in this population that can differentiate into cells of the mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineage, at least in vitro [23]. A consensus was reached with the content of a tool named “DOSES” which is based on the reporting of five core items: D—donor (i.e., autologous, allogeneic, xenogeneic); O—origin of tissue; S—Separation from other cell types/preparation method; E—exhibited cell characteristics associated with behavior; and S—site of delivery [25,26]
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