Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most widely used stem cells of the human body due to ease of successful isolation and expansion for many years. In particular, from 2012 until now, MSCs have been widely clinically used to treat various diseases, including graft versus host disease (GVHD), Crohn’s disease, and knee osteoarthritis. In this review, the applications of MSCs in diabetes will be reviewed and discussed. Diabetes mellitus type 1, also known as Type 1 diabetes (T1DM), is an autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack the beta cells in islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets). Although type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is considered to be a disease related to insulin resistance, several recent studies have shown some relation of immune dysfunction in this disease. Therefore, MSC transplantation may be a beneficial treatment for both T1DM and T2DM. MSC transplantation in preclinical trials and clinical trials for T1DM and T2DM have shown a moderate to significant improvement in diabetes without adverse side effects. In this review, we will discuss some of the updates from preclinical and clinical trials of MSC transplantation for diabetes.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by deficient insulin secretion or insulin dysfunction leading to hyperglycemia as well as chronic metabolic change of carbohydrates, protein and fat (Bastaki, 2005)
Improved body weights after 7 days; Lowered Blood glucose (BG) levels after 3 days; improved glucose tolerance at day 14; Prolonged survival of treated mice while Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice had died before end point; Human C-peptide and human cell nuclei appreared at the same sites within the lobules of mouse livers
BG levels were stablized in Insulin Producing Cell (IPC)-treated mice while Endometrial stromal stem cells (ESSC)-treated mice had peak increase in BG level at the early week 5 in the diabetic ones; Improved weight loss in IPC-grafted mice; Human insulin was only found in xenograst of IPCs and the serum of IPC-grafted mice with mean concentration 11.9 μIU/ml
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by deficient insulin secretion or insulin dysfunction leading to hyperglycemia as well as chronic metabolic change of carbohydrates, protein and fat (Bastaki, 2005). Safe; Co-transplanted UC-MSCs and CB-MNCs at a ratio of 1:4 were effectively decreased the blood glucose levels in the first week and stabilized thereafter (7/10 mice); Detected Alu sequence indicated that the human cells had homed into the recipient's pancreas and kidney.
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