Abstract
Although tremendous progress has been made in conventional treatment for ischemic heart disease, it still remains a major cause of death and disability. Cell-based therapeutics holds an exciting frontier of research for complete cardiac recuperation. The capacity of diverse stem and progenitor cells to stimulate cardiac renewal has been analysed, with promising results in both pre-clinical and clinical trials. Mesenchymal stem cells have been ascertained to have regenerative ability via a variety of mechanisms, including differentiation from the mesoderm lineage, immunomodulatory properties, and paracrine effects. Also, their availability, maintenance, and ability to replenish endogenous stem cell niches have rendered them suitable for front-line research. This review schemes to outline the use of mesenchymal stem cell therapeutics for ischemic heart disease, their characteristics, the potent mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-based heart regeneration, and highlight preclinical data. Additionally, we discuss the results of the clinical trials to date as well as ongoing clinical trials on ischemic heart disease.
Highlights
Numerous cytokines were produced from bone marrow-derived stem cells in the in vivo model of acute myocardial infarction (MI), as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1
Thirty patients were enrolled with LV dysfunction due to ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), and a couple of autologous and allogeneic BM-Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSCs) with a mean of 150 million cells was transferred via transendocardial injection
3) Despite numerous clinical trials involving MSCs in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, some scientists continue to question the nature of MSCs, claiming that mesenchymal stem cells cannot be distinguished based on morphology, cell surface markers, or immunological properties [156–158]
Summary
Ischemic heart disease (IHD), a life-threatening cardiac condition characterised by lessened. Oxygen deprivation results in decreased nutrient availability and insufficient removal of metabolic end products This process changes the series of events in cardiomyocytes’ biology and cardiac structure that occur in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, and leukocytes [7]. It is the major reason for ischemic conditions and for ischemic heart failure. The ease of isolation, expansion, and in vitro multilineage potential positioned MSCs as promising therapeutics in regenerative medicine
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