Abstract

Since the Cold War detente, transboundary air pollution (TAP) has been on the pan-European diplomatic agenda. Under the Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) – the diplomatic framework for international cooperation on transboundary air pollution – eight protocols have been adopted through a science-driven and evolutionary negotiation process. The latest protocol to the LRTAP, ‘The 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone’, signed in 1999 in Gothenburg, Sweden, sets out new regulations – national emission ceilings (NECs) and technologybased regulations – on sulphur oxides (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ammonia (NH3), with ‘flexibility’ clauses.

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