Abstract
SummaryThis article discusses several relationships between technologies, industries, and socioeconomic institutions that are central to the emerging field of industrial ecology but as of yet have found little recognition. Special attention is given to the history of changes in the complexity of technologies and socioeconomic institutions, methods for dealing with this complexity conceptually and in the context of decision making, and interrelationships between technology and policy choice at various levels of system organization. On the basis of that discussion, new roles for systems thinking and modeling, systems engineering, and technology and industrial policy are identified to promote the development of industrial ecosystems that minimize their environmental impacts.
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