Menopausal symptoms in the Southwest United States: A cross-sectional survey of women from areas with different socioeconomic resources

Abstract

ObjectiveMenopausal symptoms may differ by geography and ethnicity, but the impact of socioeconomic factors is less clear. The purpose of this study was to compare menopausal symptoms in women from areas of Arizona with different socioeconomic resources. Study designWomen aged 40–65 years in two cohorts were surveyed: (1) Phoenix women attending either a clinic for patients who are uninsured or a clinic for people experiencing homelessness; and (2) Scottsdale women living in zip codes with higher average income and neighborhood advantage (surveyed by mail). Surveys included the Greene Climacteric Scale (GCS) and demographic questions. Main outcome measuresGCS score by domain and subdomain, corrected for age, race, menopause stage and menopausal hormone therapy (HT). ResultsPhoenix participants (N = 104) were 51.2 years old (SD 6.45), Hispanic (54.4%), White (28.2%) or African American (8.7%), and uninsured (53.0%). Scottsdale participants (N = 151) were 52.6 years old (SD 5.52), mostly White (94.7%) and insured (100%). Three percent of Phoenix women were on HT vs. 23.3% in Scottsdale (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed higher total GCS scores in the Phoenix vs. Scottsdale cohort (39.13 vs 30.14, p < 0.001), which was also seen in the psychological and somatic domains, as well as the anxiety and depression subdomains. No statistically significant differences were seen in the vasomotor or sexual dysfunction domains. ConclusionIn a group of women living in Arizona from distinct socioeconomic areas, significant differences were demonstrated in menopausal symptom bother specifically with higher psychological and somatic symptoms in women who were uninsured or experiencing homelessness independent of age, race, menopause stage and HT use. Future studies controlling for co-morbidities associated with lower socioeconomic status such as depression would provide further insight into this population of midlife women.