Abstract
BackgroundThere are high mortality and morbidity rates due to poisonous snakebites globally with sub-Saharan Africa having some of the highest cases. However, traditional medicine practitioners (TMP) have been treating snakebites in Uganda for long despite the fact that few studies have been conducted to document such vital and rich indigenous traditional knowledge before it is lost. This study aimed to document the medicinal plant species used by experienced TMP in treating snakebite envenomation in selected post-conflict parts of Uganda. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted in Kitgum, Serere, Kaberamaido and Kaabong districts in Uganda. Twenty-seven TMP with expertise in treating snakebites were purposively identified using the snowball technique and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics.ResultsSixty plant species from 28 families were documented with high consensus among the isolated indigenous Ik tribe of Kaabong district. Most of the plant species used were from the Asteraceae and Fabaceae families with eight species each. The genus Echinops was the most well-represented with three species. The most commonly used plant species were of citation were Steganotaenia araliaceae (16), Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.), Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel (13), Aframomum mildbraedii Loes. (11), Jasminum schimperi Vatke and Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad) Schinz (10) and Crinum macowanii Baker and Cyphostemma cyphopetalum (Fresen.) Desc. ex Wild & R.B. Drumm (10). S. araliaceae which was mentioned by all the TMP in the Ik community was used for first aid. Most of the plant species were harvested from the wild (68.75%) and were herbs (65.0%) followed by trees (23.3%). The most commonly used plant parts were roots (42.6%) and leaves (25.0%). Thirteen different methods of preparation and administration were used. Most of the medicines were administered orally (61.2%) and topically (37.6%). The commonest methods of oral application were cold water infusions (32.5%) and decoctions (21.7%).ConclusionsTMP widely use several medicinal plant species for treating snakebite envenomation in the selected post-conflict regions of Uganda
Highlights
There are high mortality and morbidity rates due to poisonous snakebites globally with subSaharan Africa having some of the highest cases
Worldwide, more than five million people suffer snakebite envenomation leading to 25,000–125,000 deaths, while an estimated 400,000 people are left with permanent disabilities [1]
The burden of snakebite envenomation was eventually recognized in June 2017 and enlisted as a neglected tropical diseases (NTD) category A by World Health Organization (WHO) [2, 3]
Summary
There are high mortality and morbidity rates due to poisonous snakebites globally with subSaharan Africa having some of the highest cases. This study aimed to document the medicinal plant species used by experienced TMP in treating snakebite envenomation in selected post-conflict parts of Uganda. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified snakebites as one of the most neglected tropical diseases (NTD) in terms of incidence, severity, and clinical characteristics This has served as a basis for the advocacy for snakebite envenomation [2]. Snakebite envenoming primarily affects residents of rural communities in Africa, Asia, Latin America and New Guinea and possess a serious health challenge [4]. It is an occupational, environmental and domestic health hazard that exacerbates the already impoverished state of these communities [1]. Plant extracts constitute an excellent alternative with a range of antivenom activities [7]
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