Abstract
Parkinsonʼs disease is a progressive neurodegenerative dysfunction characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system. Dopamine is important to maintain normal movement patterns. The cardinal physical signs of the disease are distal resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and asymmetric onset. Treatment aims to improve these motor symptoms. Many medicinal plants possessed Parkinsonian effects by different mechanisms, included inhibition of α-synuclein condensation, reduction of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, increase of dopaminergic neurons survival, blockade of the adenosine A2A receptor and regulation of molecular pathways involved in neuronal survival such as MAPK, Nrf2, and NF-κB, thus exerted neuroprotective actions. In the present review, we highlight the medicinal plants with potential anti-Parkinsonian effects with discussing the mechanisms of their beneficial effects.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that can cause significant disability and decreased quality of life
Inhibitors of cathecol-O-methyl transferase enzymes prevent the processing of levodopa to 3-O-methyldopa.Amantadine provides help with most Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms and it might be useful in patients who have a prominent tremor or levodopa-induced dyskinesia [2].Many medicinal plants possessed potential antiparkinsonian effects [3,4,5].They act by different mechanisms, such as the inhibition of α-synuclein condensation, reduction of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, increase of dopaminergic neurons survival, blockade of the adenosine A2A receptor and regulation of molecular pathways involved in neuronal survival such as MAPK, Nrf2, and NF-κB, exerted neuroprotective actions [6,7].In the present review, we highlight the medicinal plants with potential anti-Parkinsonian effects
The extract caused significant inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity and attenuated 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP+)-induced hydroxyl radical (OH) generation in isolated mitochondria, the protective effect of the methanolic extract of Hyoscyamus niger seeds against parkinsonism in mice could be attributed to its ability to inhibit increased ·OH generated in the mitochondria [21,22]
Summary
Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that can cause significant disability and decreased quality of life It characterized by a loss of neurons in substantia nigra. Inhibitors of cathecol-O-methyl transferase enzymes prevent the processing of levodopa to 3-O-methyldopa.Amantadine provides help with most PD motor symptoms and it might be useful in patients who have a prominent tremor or levodopa-induced dyskinesia [2].Many medicinal plants possessed potential antiparkinsonian effects [3,4,5].They act by different mechanisms, such as the inhibition of α-synuclein condensation, reduction of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, increase of dopaminergic neurons survival, blockade of the adenosine A2A receptor and regulation of molecular pathways involved in neuronal survival such as MAPK, Nrf, and NF-κB, exerted neuroprotective actions [6,7].In the present review, we highlight the medicinal plants with potential anti-Parkinsonian effects. Corresponding author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Dept. of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Thi qar,Iraq
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