Abstract
Media concentration has often been mechanized to weaken the culture of media competition and journalistic independence to safeguard media’s commercial and ideological interests. Herman and Chomsky’s (1988) propaganda model is utilized to measure the content creation, dissemination and consumption in terms of hegemony of media and public trust. Two questionnaires have been developed to get the responses on media ownership, media and content concentration, journalistic independence, and public trust in media from journalists and media consumers. Results of the study and ownership patterns and practices show that Pakistani media platforms; print, electronic and social are highly concentrated in terms of ownership and audience share. The majority 70% of the audiences have shown low confidence in the media. Regarding the influence of cross-media ownership on content diversity, the majority 64% of audiences viewed that cross-media ownership has a significant negative impact on content diversity and journalistic independence across the mediums. 60% of the journalists do not feel free to express their personal opinion on any issue if it differs from official line of the outlets. Majority 75% journalists feel influence from the political and religious groups on the overall journalistic independence and 61% of audiences have the opinion that media do involve in partisanship on political, religious, ethnic, and ideological grounds. 38% of journalists say that media associations do not support them at the time of pressure on them while 35% observed that the associations do helpful to some extent. A perfect correlation of ˃.92 between journalists and audience opinion on content concentration has been observed. Audiences are considered TV medium as the most trusted media platform with a 48% score while social media is remained at second place having a score of 26%.
Highlights
AND LITERATURE REVIEWThe media is often seen as a tool of a political movement aimed at gaining the support and opposition of influential political elites
The present study focuses on media ownership trends, media freedom, and how these two variables could have affected the public trust in media in Pakistan
This study addresses that, despite Pakistan has made great strides in understanding freedom of press and speech in the media business, ownership concentration, content concentration, homogenous content, and public trust have often been mechanized to weaken journalistic independence, content diversity, media pluralism and competitive media environment
Summary
AND LITERATURE REVIEWThe media is often seen as a tool of a political movement aimed at gaining the support and opposition of influential political elites. Journalist and news critic Liebling et al (2006) says that press freedom belongs to those who own press freedom cynical comments make the property a central issue in modern media research. This can explain why politicians often tend to access the media, that is, to promote their political ideology among voters. Ali ownership evolves whereas concentration is a general trend in countries where private media ownership is a dominant form the impact of ownership on news and journalism depends on how the relationship between media, state, and other industries has developed” (Sjøvaag & Ohlsson (2019)
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