Abstract
Although there are several reviews that report the interrelationship between sarcopenia and obesity and insulin resistance, the relation between sarcopenia and the other signs that compose the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been extensively revised. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying MetS-related sarcopenia and discuss the possible therapeutic measures proposed. A vicious cycle between the loss of muscle and the accumulation of intramuscular fat might be associated with MetS via a complex interplay of factors including nutritional intake, physical activity, body fat, oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, hormonal changes, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The enormous differences in lipid storage capacities between the two genders and elevated amounts of endogenous fat having lipotoxic effects that lead to the loss of muscle mass are discussed. The important repercussions of MetS-related sarcopenia on other illnesses that lead to increased disability, morbidity, and mortality are also addressed. Additional research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of MetS-related sarcopenia and its consequences. Although there is currently no consensus on the treatment, lifestyle changes including diet and power exercise seem to be the best options.
Highlights
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue constituting around half of the human body mass and many physiological functions depend on it
Lipocalin-2, an adipose-derived cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, could be a possible candidate regulating the amount of adipose tissue under chronic inflammation and insulin resistance
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein produced in skeletal muscle cells that is increased by contraction, and it regulates neuronal development and controls body mass and fat oxidation via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [45]
Summary
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue constituting around half of the human body mass and many physiological functions depend on it. Its association with cardiometabolic diseases has been less studied Sarcopenia comprises both muscle loss and its dysfunction, which induce contractile impairment and metabolic and endocrine abnormalities. It affects whole-body metabolism and the immune/inflammatory response, and includes parameters related to force, functional capacity, and the amount of body fat [2,3]. Humans and most mammals undergo a progressive reduction in the size and number of muscle fibers and in muscular force generated as aging proceeds This loss process is accompanied with a replacement of muscle by fat and connective tissue [6,7]. We review the mechanisms underlying MetS-related sarcopenia and discuss the possible therapeutic measures proposed
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary 
Published Version (
Free)
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call