Mechanisms of model bias impacting responses of the Atlantic cold tongue to greenhouse warming

Abstract

The Atlantic cold tongue, typically peaking in boreal summer, exerts pronounced regional and global impacts on climate and socio-economy. Projected future changes in the Atlantic cold tongue feature great uncertainty, mainly arising from model bias in simulating its mean state, with less biased models projecting a stronger weakening in amplitude. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we find model bias exerts its influence through modulating atmospheric thermal damping and upwelling of subsurface warming induced by the weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). In less biased models, the Atlantic cold tongue, compared to the western equatorial Atlantic, featuring a cooler mean climate sea surface temperature (SST), is subjected to a smaller thermal damping induced by mean climate evaporation and consequently a faster SST warming. Moreover, an equatorial subsurface Atlantic warming associated with a reduced AMOC is advected to surface via mean climate upwelling, enhancing faster SST warming in the east, a feedback stronger in less biased models that produce greater climatological upwelling. The above asymmetric SST warming would be amplified by the Bjerknes feedback, leading to the weakened Atlantic cold tongue. These findings may help to predict the future change of Atlantic cold tongue and its influences.