Abstract
In this Chapter a number of organic reactions are discussed which are catalysed under homogeneous conditions by complexes of the transition elements. A few of these, notably the carbonylation of methanol to yield acetic acid and the conversion of alkenes into aldehydes or alcohols with carbon monoxide and hydrogen (hydroformylation) are used industrially on a large scale. Most industrial catalysts, however, are heterogeneous, that is, they do not belong to the same phase as the reactants. Normally a catalyst is a solid, often a highly dispersed metal or a metal oxide with a high surface area and reactions take place on adsorption of reactant molecules at its surface.
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