Abstract
Plant secondary metabolic compounds with the cholagogue mode of action are important therapeutic agents for the treatment of cholestasis and hepatobiliary disorders. Herbal cholagogues target different components of the complex bile production and secretion system, and exert their action via diverse routes, such as cholecystokinin-dependent and independent gallbladder contraction, up-regulation of the bile acid synthesis, stimulation of the bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance protein transporter system, and osmotic bile flow.
Highlights
The ancient science of herbal medicine was born many centuries ago and speaks Symptomatic, the language which is cast in magnificent Greek and imperial Latin
Bile acids are lipid-soluble compounds that are synthesized in the liver by hepatocytes from blood cholesterol, conjugated to water-soluble glycine or taurine moieties, and released into hepatic bile canaliculi through the bile salt export pump, BSEP
The efflux of bile components from hepatocytes is mediated by the members of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family transporters
Summary
The ancient science of herbal medicine was born many centuries ago and speaks Symptomatic, the language which is cast in magnificent Greek and imperial Latin. Medicinal plants with the hepatobiliary mode of action remain essential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cholestasis They are denoted as cholagogues (promoting the flow of bile from the liver and gall bladder into the intestines) and choleretics (increasing bile production). John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) [2], Artemisia sp [3, 4], yarrow (Achillea millefolium) [5], rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) [6], (Chelidonium majus) [7] and other medicinal plants have been confirmed in animal experiments and clinical studies Many of these plants, that have been traditionally used to improve digestion and relieve cholestasis, are employed by contemporary European and Asian pharmacopeias. Some edible plants and spices, such as artichoke [10, 11], licorice [12], coriander, turmeric, red chilli and black pepper, cumin, and onion [13] possess marked choleretic properties
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