Abstract
The multistep spin reorientation transition of ultrathin iron films on bulk gadolinium is described theoretically. We find that it is necessary to include cubic terms in the magnetic anisotropy energy expansion in order to explain this phenomenon. Furthermore, the signs of the anisotropy coefficients required to explain the coexistence of both first- and second-order phase transitions in this spin reorientation transition are obtained. We can then model this system using either a surface or a bulk driven model, or a combination of both.
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