Abstract
Every heartbeat relies on cyclical interactions between myosin thick and actin thin filaments orchestrated by rising and falling Ca2+ levels. The structural mechanism of the thin filament regulation by Ca2+ was mostly unknown until single particle approach to reconstruction of frozen hydrated thin filaments was developed. We resolved the structure of the native cardiac thin filament at physiological (systolic) Ca2+ levels to show that the two strands of the thin filament consist of a mixture of regulatory units, which are comprised of Ca2+-free, Ca2+-bound, or mixed (e.g.
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