Abstract
Widmanstätten graphite formation during the solidification of flake graphite cast irons involves the preferential segregation, and a complex interaction of, specific elements at the surface of the graphite flake during solidification and the development of plate like appendages in the solid austenite adjacent to the graphite flake. Elements typified as Pb, Ca and H have been identified as causal to the formation of Widmanstätten graphite. While the formation of this degraded graphite is often attributed to the presence of a sufficient amount of lead alone, it has been observed that Widmanstät-ten graphite develops only in conjunction with a combination of factors operative at the graphite-austenite interface, i.e., Pb and Ca in the iron, moisture content in the molding media, solidification cooling rate and the rate of cooling immediately after solidification, etc. Pb contamination of cast irons was also ob-served to increase the chilling tendency of the iron. The detrimental effects of Pb can be counteracted by the presence of rare earths (RE) in the iron, where RE react with Pb to form stable, high melting point compounds.
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