Abstract
In this paper we carried out an investigation about the possible causes for the enhancement of earthquakes in USA the last seven years. Our statistical and physical models indicated that the increased evolution of events in the country depends from the human actions. For further analysis we divided the country into three main seismological regions: western, central and, eastern. We roughly classified the areas by their thickness of Earth’s crust in a variation 25-45-25 km. The thickest area is in the mid-continent and most of this region are part of the Great Plains. In our study we are going to investigate the reason for the Mississippi Lime in Oklahoma a very thick area, started an unusual earthquake activity since 2010, most at Oklahoma/Kansas border. In this region also there are many anthropogenic activities concerning with the waste water wells and more than 4000 of them are active in the state. Wastewater disposal wells typically operate for longer duration and inject much more fluid than hydraulic fracturing, making them more likely to induce earthquakes. Enhanced oil recovery injects fluid into rock layers where oil and gas have already been extracted, while wastewater injection often occurs in never-before-touched rocks. Therefore, wastewater injection can raise pressure levels more than enhanced oil recovery, and thus increases the likelihood of induced earthquakes. Most injection wells do not trigger felt earthquakes. A combination of many factors is necessary for injection to induce felt earthquakes. These include the injection rate and total volume injected; the presence of faults or unknown fractures that are large enough to produce felt earthquakes; stresses that are large enough to produce earthquakes; and the presence of pathways for the fluid pressure to travel from the injection point to faults. Finally other causes of human action triggering earthquakes fluid injection, hydraulic fracturing, enhanced oil recovery, mining, nuclear explosions, some of them will be mentioned and investigated in this paper. We also intend to explain why not all the waste wells are triggering earthquakes and how it would be strongly attached to the unevenness of the Earth’s crust.
Highlights
IntroductionHistoric examples of intraplate earthquakes include those in 2011 in Mineral, Virginia (estimated magnitude 5.8) and, Oklahoma (magnitude 5.7), New Madrid in 1811 and 1812 (estimated magnitude as high as 8.1), the Boston (Cape Ann) earthquake of 1755 (estimated magnitude 6.0 to 6.3), earthquakes felt in New York City in 1737 and 1884 (both quakes estimated at about 5.5 magnitude), and the Charleston earthquake in South Carolina in 1886 (estimated magnitude 6.5 to 7.3)
Historic examples of intraplate earthquakes include those in 2011 in Mineral, Virginia and, Oklahoma, New Madrid in 1811 and 1812, the Boston (Cape Ann) earthquake of 1755, earthquakes felt in New York City in 1737 and 1884, and the Charleston earthquake in South Carolina in 1886
The regions presented clusters in various magnitudes for example, clusters magnitude M ≥ 4 are common in Oklahoma, but in Texas the swarm is M ≥ 3.5 it is the same in others states analyzed as Colorado and the states around New Madrid fault
Summary
Historic examples of intraplate earthquakes include those in 2011 in Mineral, Virginia (estimated magnitude 5.8) and, Oklahoma (magnitude 5.7), New Madrid in 1811 and 1812 (estimated magnitude as high as 8.1), the Boston (Cape Ann) earthquake of 1755 (estimated magnitude 6.0 to 6.3), earthquakes felt in New York City in 1737 and 1884 (both quakes estimated at about 5.5 magnitude), and the Charleston earthquake in South Carolina in 1886 (estimated magnitude 6.5 to 7.3). We defined the region as mid-continent as the locations covered totally or partially by the Great Plains; they were Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming Those states are defined by the following coordinates: 30.06'N, −97.48'W, 30.06'S and −95.76'E. In order to search earthquakes activity and possible enhancement due to the unconventional drilling we defined a region in the mid-continent covered totally or partially by the Great Plains, they are Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming. Search for the waste water disposal well, this parameter is not really known in a national configuration, and it is nowadays most in Texas and Oklahoma mapping
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