Abstract
Cu–Ru has a positive heat of formation and does not form equilibrium alloys. Nevertheless, amorphous alloys have been obtained by He (Phys. Rev. B 75, 045431 (2007)) by ion mixing of multilayers. Analysis of the free energies of the competing phases (the glass and the crystalline solid solutions based on Cu and Ru) leads us to propose that formation of glasses occurs as a result of kinetic frustration between the hcp and fcc solid solutions. These two have lower free energies than the glass, but those free energies are very similar, so a strong driving force for the formation of a particular crystalline phase does not exist. In addition, formation and growth of hcp and the fcc phases appears equally difficult from a kinetic point of view. Very small embryos can form but their growth will be frustrated by the presence of embryos of the other phase.
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