Abstract
This research aims to utilize Coal Furnace Bottom ash (CBA) and Oil-Palm Boiler Clinker (OPBC) as fine aggregate in concrete mix proportions. They are solid wastes from power plant and Oil Palm industry, respectively. Since these by-products do not have any primary use and are pure waste, an opportunity to use them as aggregate in concrete industry not only is economical but also will be an environmental friendly opportunity leading towards a more sustainable production chain. CBA and OPBC sands had similar grading to normal sand but have lower density and higher water absorption. In a high strength concrete, normal sand was replaced up to 25% with either CBA or OPBC. Test results showed that although water absorption of these wastes was more than normal sand but the slump value of concrete containing each of these wastes showed that these concretes had good workability. All mixes containing these wastes had slightly lower compressive strength at early ages and equivalent or higher compressive strength at later ages compared to control mix. The 28-day compressive strength of these concretes was in the range of 69–76 MPa which can be categorized as high strength concrete. In general, the performance of OPBC was better than CBA at 25% replacement level. However, it is recommended that at least 12.5% of total volume of fine aggregate in a high strength concrete is used of CBA or OPBC.
Highlights
Concrete as a major constructional material makes a significant contribution to the triple bottom lines environmental, social and economic - of sustainable development
The density test results for Coal Furnace Bottom ash (CBA), Oil-Palm Boiler Clinker (OPBC) and typical mining sand are shown in the Fig. 1
On the other hand typical sand is the densest while loose sand has the density of 1573 kg/m3 that is 41 % and 31 % higher than CBA and OPBC respectively
Summary
Concrete as a major constructional material makes a significant contribution to the triple bottom lines environmental, social and economic - of sustainable development. In many sectors throughout the years, concrete has enabled the reduction of CO2 emissions and other negative environmental impacts. As of year 2006, 7.5 km of concrete is made each year. This amount is more than 1 m2 for every person on earth [1]. This paper adopts the view of Troxell [3] when it comes to definition of satisfactory concrete. Workability, defined by BS 102 [4] is a topic that comes always hands in hands with w/c. Low w/c leads to high strength but low workability and high w/c leads to high workability and low strength [5]
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