Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has long been considered the gold standard in the biomedical field, considering its composition and close resemblance to human bone. However, the brittle nature of hydroxyapatite (HAp) biomaterial, constrained by its low fracture toughness (of up to 1.2 vs. 2–12 MPa m1/2 of human bone), remains one of the significant factors impairing its use in bone regeneration. In the present study, HAp nanoparticles synthesized by the solid-state (SHAp) and sonochemical (EHAp) approaches using eggshell-derived calcium hydroxide and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate as precursors are compared with those synthesized using commercially available calcium hydroxide and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate as precursors (CHAp) employing sonochemical method. The HAp samples were then compressed into compact materials using a uniaxial high-pressure compression technique at a preoptimized load and subsequently characterized for mechanical properties using the Vickers indentation method and compressive strength testing. The analysis revealed that the material with smaller particle size (30–40 nm) and crystalline nature (EHAp and CHAp) resulted in mechanically robust materials (σm = 54.53 MPa and 47.72 MPa) with high elastic modulus (E = 4011.1 MPa and 2750.25 MPa) and density/hardness-dependent fracture toughness (σf = 4.34 MPa m1/2and 6.57 MPa m1/2) than SHAp (σm =28.40 MPa, E = 2116.75 MPa, σf = 5.39 MPa m1/2). The CHAp material was found to be the most suitable for applications in bone regeneration.
Highlights
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp) is a biomedical-grade ceramic that is widely used in bone repair and replacement [1]
Our previous investigation on the in vitro biocompatibility of this material revealed that it is highly biocompatible and bioactive against hFOB cells [39,40] this study aims to evaluate the complex mechanical properties of the biomaterials prepared from differently presynthesized HAp nanoparticles by the high-pressure compression technique, Minerals 2021, 11, 1390 under controlled parameters and at ambient temperature
The mechanical properties of HAp nanoparticles synthesized by the solid-state (SHAp) and sonochemical (EHAp and CHAp) approaches using eggshell-derived calcium hydroxide/commercial calcium hydroxide and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate as precursors are compared
Summary
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH), HAp) is a biomedical-grade ceramic that is widely used in bone repair and replacement [1]. The biocompatibility of HAp allows it to be used for a variety of applications inside the human body, including bone regeneration, drug delivery, and cell imaging [4,5,6]. HAp has lower mechanical strength than the natural bone, and it remains a critical challenge which limits its application for load-bearing applications [9,10]. Developing hydroxyapatite-based scaffolds and bone graft with improved load-bearing properties for bone regeneration is a current need [16]. The nanoscale Hap, by virtue, has high surface area, nanocrystalline nature, optimized sinterability, and desired densification, which enhances fracture toughness and other mechanical properties, and is favorable for bone regeneration application [17]. The mechanical properties of nanoscale HAp have been reported to be superior to its microscale counterpart, and extensive study is focused on improving the properties of nanoscale HAp for its envisaged applications in bone tissue engineering [18,19,20,21]
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