Abstract
It is shown that the classical laws of thermodynamics require that mechanical systems must exhibit energy that becomes unavailable to do useful work. In thermodynamics, this type of energy is called entropy. It is further shown that these laws require two metrical manifolds, equations of motion, field equations, and Weyl's quantum principles. Weyl's quantum principle requires quantization of the electrostatic potential of a particle and that this potential be non-singular. The interactions of particles through these non-singular electrostatic potentials are analyzed in the low velocity limit and in the relativistic limit. It is shown that writing the two particle interactions for unlike particles allows an examination in two limiting cases: large and small separations. These limits are shown to have the limiting motions of: all motions are ABOUT the center of mass or all motion is OF the center of mass. The first limit leads to the standard Dirac equation. The second limit is shown to have equations of which the electroweak theory is a subset. An extension of the gauge principle into a five-dimensional manifold, then restricting the generality of the five-dimensional manifold by using the conservation principle, shows that the four-dimensional hypersurface that is embedded within the 5-D manifold is required to obey Einstein's field equations. The 5-D gravitational quantum equations of the solar system are presented.
Highlights
The thermodynamic basis for the constancy of the speed of light[47] provides the starting point for a thermodynamic basis for Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity[9] with its space-time metric[23] and quantum mechanics[2]
The starting point in this chain of logic is the adoption of generalizations of the classical thermodynamic laws and their use to define the mechanical entropy, and arrive at the maximum mentropy principal for isolated mechanical systems
The following are among those conclusions that may be made from the forgoing: 1. The thermodynamic laws require Einstein’s postulate concerning the constancy of the speed of light, 2
Summary
There are processes, or motions, that satisfy the First Law but are not observed in nature. The purpose of the Second Law is to incorporate such experimental facts into the model of dynamics. The Second Law may be stated as follows: In the neighborhood ( close) of any equilibrium state of a system of any number of dynamic coordinates, there exist states that cannot be reached by reversible E conservative (dE = 0) processes or motions. When the variables are thermodynamic variables, the E-conservative processes are known as adiabatic processes. A reversible process, or motion, is one that is performed in such a way that, at the conclusion of the process, both the system and the local surroundings may be restored to their initial states without producing any change in the rest of the universe
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