Abstract
The work of public safety personnel (PSP) is inherently moral; however, the ability of PSP to do what is good and right can be impeded and frustrated, leading to moral suffering. Left unresolved, moral suffering may develop into moral injury (MI) and potential psychological harm. The current study was designed to examine if MI is relevant to frontline public safety communicators, firefighters, and paramedics. Semi-structured interviews (n = 3) and focus groups (n = 3) were conducted with 19 participants (public safety communicators (n = 2); paramedics (n = 7); and firefighters (n = 10)). Interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and constantly compared in accordance with the grounded theory method. A conceptual theory of “frustrating moral expectations” emerged, with participants identifying three interrelated properties as being potentially morally injurious: chronic societal problems, impaired systems, and organizational quagmires. Participants navigated their moral frustrations through both integrative and disintegrative pathways, resulting in either needing to escape their moral suffering or transforming ontologically. The current study results support MI as a relevant concept for frontline PSP. Given the seriousness of PSP leaving their profession or committing suicide to escape moral suffering, the importance of the impact of MI on PSP and public safety organizations cannot be ignored or underestimated. Understanding the similarities and differences of morally injurious exposures of frontline PSP may be critical for determining mental health and resilience strategies that effectively protect PSP.
Highlights
Public safety personnel (PSP) are frequently confronted with potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), and often have to make decisions where there is no “right” answer or where they must act against the interests of someone [1,2]
Most people who choose to serve as public safety personnel (PSP), including but not limited to, border services officers, public safety communicators, correctional workers, firefighters, Indigenous emergency managers, operational intelligence personnel, paramedics, police, and search and rescue personnel [3], do so with a desire to help [4,5,6]
The current study aims to begin to fill the gap in empirical literature and clarify a very abstract and theoretical understanding of moral injury (MI) by: (1) examining if MI is seen as relevant to the experiences of frontline public safety communicators, firefighters, and paramedics; and
Summary
Public safety personnel (PSP) are frequently confronted with PMIEs, and often have to make decisions where there is no “right” answer or where they must act against the interests of someone [1,2]. Most people who choose to serve as PSP, including but not limited to, border services officers, public safety communicators (i.e., call taker/dispatchers), correctional workers, firefighters (career and volunteer), Indigenous emergency managers, operational intelligence personnel, paramedics, police (municipal, provincial, federal), and search and rescue personnel [3], do so with a desire to help [4,5,6]. When unable to help or unable to act according to their personal values, PSP may experience moral suffering. This moral suffering, if left unresolved, may develop into a trauma syndrome called moral injury (MI) [7].
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