Abstract
Cholesterol on low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) is one of the main drivers of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and hence its measurement is critical in the management of patients at risk. Although LDL-C has routinely been either calculated by the Friedewald equation or measured with direct assays, these methods have limitations, particularly for patients with dyslipidaemias, low LDL-C, and hypertriglyceridemia. The focus of this review will be recent advances in the measurement of LDL for ASCVD risk management. We first describe the recent recommendations on how LDL-C is used in ASCVD risk assessment and management. We then review the current approaches to the measurement of LDL-C and recent developments on new more accurate equations for calculating LDL-C. Finally, we present new and emerging LDL assays that may be superior to LDL-C for risk assessment, such as LDL particle number and small dense LDL-C, and several LDL-based lipid tests in early development. LDL-C is valuable in ASCVD risk management but recent improvements in its measurement and the development of other LDL-related tests may further improve its value.
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