Measuring Community Green Inequity: A Fine-Scale Assessment of Beijing Urban Area

Yuyang Zhang,Qilin Wu,Yan Li,Lei Wu

doi:10.3390/land10111197

Yuyang Zhang, Qilin Wu + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/land10111197

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Abstract

Green space exposure is beneficial to the physical and mental health of community residents, but the spatial distribution of green space is inequitable. Due to data availability, green equality or justice studies typically use administrative units as contextual areas to evaluate green spaces exposure, which is macro-scale and may lead to biased estimates as it ignores fine-scale green spaces (e.g., community gardens, lawns), that community residents are more frequently exposed to. In this study, we used the community as the unit of analysis, considered the green exposure of community residents in their daily social and physical activities, obtained data on three types of green spaces including fine-scale green spaces in the communities, surrounding large-scale parks and streetscape images. We propose a series of metrics for assessing community green equity, including a total of 11 metrics in three major categories of morphology, visibility and accessibility and applied them to 4544 communities in Beijing urban area. Through spatial visualization, spatial clustering, radar plots, and correlation analysis, we comprehensively analyzed the equity of green space at the community scale, identified the cold and hot spots of homogeneity, and then analyzed the equity of green space among regions under the urbanization process. The measurement results of these metrics showed that there are large differences and complementarities between different categories of metrics, but similarities exist between metrics of the same category. The proposed methodology represents the development of a green space evaluation system that can be used by decision makers and urban green designers to create and maintain more equitable community green spaces. In addition, the large-scale, comprehensive and fine-scale green space measurement of this study can be combined with other studies such as public health and environmental pollution in the future to obtain more comprehensive conclusions and better guide the construction and regeneration of green spaces.

Highlights

Exposure to community green space has proven to have a number of direct and indirect physical and mental health benefits
It can be seen that there is no significant correlation between the three categories of metrics, reflecting the three aspects of green space in the community: green space in the community, perceived greenness, and large parks outside the community, indicating that the three categories have good complementarity and integrity
There are some correlations among the morphological metrics, such as PLAND and SHAPE_AM, which reflects the percentage and complexity of green space, respectively, and the correlation between them and other morphological metrics are greater than 0.3

Summary

Introduction

Exposure to community green space has proven to have a number of direct and indirect physical and mental health benefits. Direct benefits include relieving stress emotions [1], decreasing urban heat island effect [2], improving air quality and reducing respiratory disease mortality [3,4], type 2 diabetes outcomes [5,6,7], cardiovascular disease [8] and allcause mortality [9], while indirect benefits include promoting well-being feelings through the increase of sports and social activities in communities [10]. Access to green space is an important environmental justice issue. It is important to facilitate neighbourhood green space assessment, both for green space justice and residents’ health

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