Abstract
Even though ultrahigh frequency ultrasonic transducers over 60 MHz have been used for single-cell-level manipulation such as intracellular delivery, acoustic tweezers, and stimulation to investigate cell phenotype and cell mechanics, no techniques have been available to measure the actual acoustic radiation force (ARF) applied to target cells. Therefore, we have developed an approach to measure the ARF of ultrahigh frequency ultrasonic transducers using a theoretical model of the dynamics of a solid sphere in a gelatin phantom. To estimate ARF at the focus of a 130 MHz transducer, we matched measured maximum displacements of a solid sphere with theoretical calculations. We selected appropriate ranges of input voltages and pulse durations for single-cell applications, and the estimated ARF was in the range of tens of μN. To gauge the influence of pulse duration, an impulse of different pulse durations was estimated. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer live cell imaging was demonstrated to visualize calcium transport between cells after a target single cell was stimulated by the developed ultrasonic transducer.
Highlights
The main and immediate questions using ultrahigh-frequency ultrasonic transducers are the measurements of acoustic radiation force (ARF) at the focus of transducers
Even though ultrahigh frequency ultrasonic transducers over 60 MHz have been used for single-cell-level manipulation such as intracellular delivery, acoustic tweezers, and stimulation to investigate cell phenotype and cell mechanics, no techniques have been available to measure the actual acoustic radiation force (ARF) applied to target cells
We have developed an approach to measure the ARF of ultrahigh frequency ultrasonic transducers using a theoretical model of the dynamics of a solid sphere in a gelatin phantom
Summary
A function generator [6 in Fig. 1(a)] controlled tracking and pushing triggering for radio frequency (RF) data acquisition for post-processing to reconstruct the displacement of a sphere under ARF [Fig. 1(c)]. The sampling frequency (fs) was 10 Gsamples/s, and 50 Â 106 samples were saved to track the dynamics of the sphere for 5 ms. The previously developed and validated theoretical model formulates the dynamics of a solid sphere in a viscoelastic medium under impulsive ARF. We used transient and impulse-like acoustic pulse to displace a solid sphere in nearly incompressible and elastic medium. Scitation.org/journal/apl equation for stress tensor and strain tensor.[23,30] The governing equation of motion for a solid sphere in an elastic medium in a frequency domain is[22,23,26]. X ct and ct lq, r is the radial direction in the polar coordinate system
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