Measurement quantization

Abstract

We present principles of Measurement Quantization (MQ) and approaches to measurement that support the discreteness of measure. Several claims are addressed. Notably, that measure is discrete with respect to the internal frame, non-discrete with respect to the system frame and that length is contracted due to the discreteness of measure. We address the relation of angular measure to momentum, the physical significance of count bounds and that the fundamental measures — more precise expressions for Planck’s units — are an emergent property of the internal frame. Quantum experiments by Shwartz, et. al and CODATA provide physical support. We predict and derive values for elementary charge and the gravitational, Hubble, reduced Planck, electric, magnetic, Coulomb, and fine structure constants. We then correlate gravity with electromagnetism (unification). We present expressions for galactic rotation, dark matter, dark energy, and accelerating expansion. MQ advances over Loop Quantum Gravity with two frames, the difference which leads to the physical constants and the laws of nature. We correlate the quantum and cosmological, describing an inflation free quantum epoch, why it ceases and expansion. Therein are solutions to the horizon problem and homogenous, isotropic properties of the universe. Predictions include length contraction unrelated to special or general relativity (SR/GR), 13-digit measures of the gravitational constant, the Planck momentum, and universal mass accretion. A calculation of CMB age, quantity, present-day density and temperature provides additional support. Also offered, discrete solutions to the size and age of the universe, ground state orbital, SR, GR, and equivalence.