Abstract
Sea waves constitute a natural phenomenon with a great impact on human activities, and their monitoring is essential for meteorology, coastal safety, navigation, and renewable energy from the sea. Therefore, the main measurement techniques for their monitoring are here reviewed, including buoys, satellite observation, coastal radars, shipboard observation, and microseism analysis. For each technique, the measurement principle is briefly recalled, the degree of development is outlined, and trends are prospected. The complementarity of such techniques is also highlighted, and the need for further integration in local and global networks is stressed.
Highlights
IntroductionSea waves are produced as a response to wind energy transfer at the air–sea interface
Sea waves are produced as a response to wind energy transfer at the air–sea interface.Short surface waves form at the sea surface, increasing the surface roughness and, the wind stress and the wave height
Additional efforts have been devoted to improving the effectiveness of the spectral reconstruction methods, given that the hydrodynamic modeling of a ship advancing in a seaway provides some challenging issues that may lead to errors in the assessment of the main sea state parameters, among which are the significant wave height and period
Summary
Sea waves are produced as a response to wind energy transfer at the air–sea interface. The wave height is usually expressed as significant wave height Hs , defined as the mean value of the highest one-third of wave heights [1], or it can be estimated from the spectrum obtained from a time series of sea surface elevation. The vertical displacement of the sea surface over time in a fixed position, measured with a non-directional instrument, can be represented as a sum of sinusoidal signals in frequency f. The combination of S(f ), a1 , b1 , a2 , and b2 , or any other equivalent parameters [5], forms the set of “first-5” spectral wave parameters They provide basic information (significant wave height, peak wave period, and average wave direction in the peak wave period), as well as a further set of sea state information to be used for a wide range of applications. This last aspect is highlighted at the end of the paper
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