Abstract
Objective: To explore the risk factors for abnormal blinking in children and the role of the tear-film lipid layer thickness (LLT) as a function of duration of video display terminal (VDT) use in children.Methods: Children attending the Optometry Clinic of Xinhua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University were recruited for the study between June 2019 and June 2020. Time spent viewing a VDT (VDTt) over the previous 6 months was recorded. Incomplete blinking (IB) and blinking rate were measured over a 10 s period using the Lipiview® interferometer (Tear Science, Morrisville, NC, USA), and participants were allocated into groups with normal blinking (NBG, blink rate < 20 blinks/min) and abnormal blinking (ABG, blink rate ≥ 20 blinks/min). T-test, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare the differences in tear film (TF) stability indexes and meibomian gland function indexes between the two groups. Binary logistic analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for abnormal blinking and protective factors related to children's use of VDT, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was also conducted.Results: A total of 167 children were included, with no statistically significant differences in age or sex between the two groups. According to the t-test, VDTt was significantly higher in ABG than NBG, while TF stability indices including tear break up time, LLT and the height of the tear meniscus, were significantly higher in NBG than ABG (P < 0.001). The results also showed better meibomian gland function in NBG than ABG (P < 0.05). Binary logistic analysis showed that VDTt is an important risk factor for abnormal blinking, and the average of LLT (AVG) was found to be an important protective factor for children using a VDT for long periods, with a cut-off value of 1.5 h and 57.5 nm, respectively. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve value of VDTt and AVG was 0.833 and 0.969, respectively (P < 0.001).Conclusion: In children, VDTt is an important risk factor for abnormal blinking, and the AVG is an important protective factor for children using VDT for long periods.
Highlights
A blink is a coordinated movement of eyelids closing and opening in a natural state
Incomplete blinking (IB) and blinking rate were measured over a 10 s period using the Lipiview® interferometer (Tear Science, Morrisville, NC, USA), and participants were allocated into groups with normal blinking (NBG, blink rate < 20 blinks/min) and abnormal blinking (ABG, blink rate ≥ 20 blinks/min)
According to the t-test, VDTt was significantly higher in abnormal blinks group (ABG) than normal blinks group (NBG), while tear film (TF) stability indices including tear break up time, lipid layer thickness (LLT) and the height of the tear meniscus, were significantly higher in NBG than ABG (P < 0.001)
Summary
A blink is a coordinated movement of eyelids closing and opening in a natural state. The normal blink rate is 10–15 blinks/min, each of 0.3–0.4 s duration, with inter-blink interval of 3–4 s. Clinical optimization of blinking can effectively improve the symptoms of MGD patients. Long periods of VDT use are associated with discomfort symptoms such as dry eyes, ocular foreign body sensation, burning sensation and visual fatigue [4, 5]. Relevant studies have shown that dry eye patients often have ocular surface epithelial damage, abnormal blinking and other clinical symptoms. Children may be at risk of abnormal blinking and possibly MGD [13] after prolonged use of VDT. Fenga et al reported that long-term VDT users accompanied by MGD were more likely to have symptoms of eye discomfort and go to ophthalmology [11], which was consistent with the results of other scholars’ studies [14]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary 
Published Version (
Free)
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call