Abstract
Maxillofacial-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MFSCs) are a particular collective type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that originate from the hard and soft tissue of the maxillofacial region. Recently, many types of MFSCs have been isolated and characterized. MFSCs have the common characteristics of being extremely accessible and amazingly multipotent and thus have become a promising stem cell resource in tissue regeneration. However, different MFSCs can give rise to different cell lineages, have different advantages in clinical use, and regulate the immune and inflammation microenvironment through paracrine mechanisms in different ways. Hence, in this review, we will concentrate on the updated new findings of all types of MFSCs in tissue regeneration and also introduce the recently discovered types of MFSCs. Important issues about proliferation and differentiation in vitro and in vivo, up-to-date clinical application, and paracrine effect of MFSCs in tissue regeneration will also be discussed. Our review may provide a better guide for the clinical use of MFSCs and further direction of research in MFSC regeneration medicine.
Highlights
Maxillofacial-derived stem cells (MFSCs) are considered to be mesenchymal stem cells that originated from maxillofacial hard and soft tissue, including multipotent stem cells (MSCs) that originated from postnatal dental tissue, oral mucosa, and jaw bone
In vivo experiments have showed that when autologous periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are combined with hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP), there is a significant improvement in periodontal tissue regeneration clinically, radiographically, and histopathologically, with no significant difference between allogenic and autologous PDLSCs [3, 69, 77]
LPSinduced inflammatory dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs) lead macrophages to be polarized into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, by secreting paracrine factors transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 and TSP-1 and ameliorating lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, which may play a positive role in tissue regeneration [160]
Summary
Maxillofacial-derived stem cells (MFSCs) are considered to be mesenchymal stem cells that originated from maxillofacial hard and soft tissue, including MSCs that originated from postnatal dental tissue, oral mucosa, and jaw bone. To authenticate MFSCs, in compliance with MSC ICST criterion, they must be adherent to tissue-culture-treated plastic when maintained in standard culture conditions [9], express neural crest-related genes and markers, and have a negative expression of hematopoietic stem cell markers [10]. They possess the ability to differentiate into new cells and tissues that correspond to their origin. This review will concentrate on these maxillofacialderived mesenchymal stem cells to show how they are managed, starting from studying their proliferation, differentiation, osteogenic ability, immunological function, and other characteristics in vitro and in vivo, and focus on the current and progressing clinical applications and treatment of orofacial diseases
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