Matrix–type bismuth–modulated copper–sulfur electrode using local photothermal effect strategy for efficient seawater splitting

Abstract

Constructing catalytic electrodes with green economy, stability, and high efficiency is crucial for achieving overall economic water splitting. Herein, a matrix-type bismuth-modulated nickel-boron electrodes loaded on sulfurized copper foils (Bi–NiBx@CFS) is synthesized via in situ mild electroless plating. This electrode features a 2-dimensional (2D) matrix-type nanosheet structure with uniform, large pores, providing more active sites and ensuring a high gas transmission rate. Notably, the crystalline–amorphous structure constituted by the photothermal materials Bi and NiBx is loaded onto sulfide-based heterostructures. This enhances the catalytic activity through the “local photothermal effect” strategy. A performance enhancement of approximately 10 % is achieved for the Bi–NiBx@CFS at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 using this strategy at 298 K. This enhancement is equivalent to increasing the temperature of conventional electrolyte solutions by 321 K. In addition, the overpotential required to catalytically drive seawater splitting at the same current density is only 1.486 V. The Bi–NiBx@CFS electrode operates stably for 200 h without any performance degradation at industrial-grade current densities. The Bi–NiBx@CFS electrode under the “localized photothermal effect” strategy is expected to be a new type of electrocatalyst for overall seawater splitting.