Abstract
Abstract Mathematics, which for early periods may be roughly defined as the manipulation of quantitative and spatial data, took several forms in the Greco‐Roman world. Commerce and public and private administration required some facility with number notations and arithmetic, units of measure, and calculation of areas and volumes. Most of this activity is undocumented, and we know surprisingly little, even about how the most basic arithmetical operations were performed with numbers in the several Greek and Roman numerical notations.
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