Mathematical models of coagulation—are we there yet?

Abstract

BackgroundMathematical models of coagulation have been developed to mirror thrombin generation in plasma, with the aim of investigating how variation in coagulation factor levels regulates hemostasis. However, current models vary in the reactions they capture and the reaction rates used, and their validation is restricted by a lack of large coherent datasets, resulting in questioning of their utility. ObjectivesTo address this debate, we systematically assessed current models against a large dataset, using plasma coagulation factor levels from 348 individuals with normal hemostasis to identify the causes of these variations. MethodsWe compared model predictions with measured thrombin generation, quantifying and comparing the ability of each model to predict thrombin generation, the contributions of the individual reactions, and their dependence on reaction rates. ResultsWe found that no current model predicted the hemostatic response across the whole cohort and all produced thrombin generation curves that did not resemble those obtained experimentally. Our analysis has identified the key reactions that lead to differential model predictions, where experimental uncertainty leads to variability in predictions, and we determined reactions that have a high influence on measured thrombin generation, such as the contribution of factor XI. ConclusionThis systematic assessment of models of coagulation, using large dataset inputs, points to ways in which these models can be improved. A model that accurately reflects the effects of the multiple subtle variations in an individual’s hemostatic profile could be used for assessing antithrombotics or as a tool for precision medicine.