Abstract
This paper presents a review of the phenomena regarding light-tissue interactions, especially absorption and scattering. The most important mathematical approaches for modeling the light transport in tissues and their domain of application: “first-order scattering,” “Kubelka-Munk theory,” “diffusion approximation,” “Monte Carlo simulation,” “inverse adding-doubling” and “finite element method” are briefly described.
Highlights
When tissues are exposed to light reflection, refraction, absorption, or scattering can occur, which lead to energy losses in the incident beam.Refraction is not significant in biomedical applications, except for laser irradiation of transparent media, such as cornea tissue; in opaque media the most important phenomena are scattering and absorption, depending on the material type of the tissue and the incident wavelength
Intensity is the measurable optical property; it is obtained by integrating radiance over the solid angle: I (r) = ∫ J (r, s) dω
Which is named [5] a Robin boundary condition (RBC) that constrains a linear combination of the photon densities and the current at ∂Ω
Summary
When tissues are exposed to light reflection, refraction, absorption, or scattering can occur, which lead to energy losses in the incident beam. Refraction is not significant in biomedical applications, except for laser irradiation of transparent media, such as cornea tissue; in opaque media the most important phenomena are scattering and absorption, depending on the material type of the tissue and the incident wavelength. Direct measurement methods use the Beer attenuation law, but they need corrections when surface reflections occur due to the mismatched refractive indexes. Indirect techniques use theoretical models for the scattering phenomena; the indirect noniterative methods need simple equations to connect optical properties to the measured quantities, while the indirect iterative methods can develop sophisticated models in which the optical properties are iterated until the computed reflection and transmission match the measured values
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