Maternal Perinatal-Provoked Psychological Disorders: Adverse Impact on School-Age Children, Neurodevelopment, Education, and Intervention Strategies

Abstract

This review explores the relationship between maternal psychological disorders and their impact on a child’s academic performance. Maternal conditions such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder can disrupt neurodevelopmental processes during pregnancy, affecting the formation of crucial neural circuits for cognitive functions. The consequences extend into early childhood, with compromised maternal-infant interactions leading to challenges in forming secure attachments and, subsequently, cognitive and attentional difficulties.As children enter formal education, the repercussions intensify, with an increased risk of academic underachievement, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems. Genetic predispositions and environmental factors, including inconsistent routines and limited parental involvement, further exacerbate academic challenges. Interventions, including early identification and multidisciplinary collaboration, emerge as crucial strategies.Psychoeducation programs aimed at reducing stigma and enhancing awareness can foster a supportive community for early intervention.The review also addresses the prevalence and impact of psychological disorders during pregnancy, emphasizing depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Biological and psychosocial factors contribute to their development, affecting maternal health, fetal development, and prenatal care. The impact extends to the child, manifesting in neonatal and developmental effects. Resources and treatment options, including counseling and psychotherapy, are discussed, along with the limitations and challenges in current practices.Diagnosis of psychological disorders during pregnancy involves recognizing clinical indications, utilizing screening tools, and integrating mental health assessments into prenatal care. The role of healthcare providers, educators, and community support networks is highlighted, emphasizing a collaborative approach. Limitations, challenges, and considerations for future research are explored, advocating for improved access to mental health resources and addressing socioeconomic and cultural disparities. The conclusion underscores the urgency of addressing maternal psychological disorders, urging comprehensive, evidence-based interventions and collaborative efforts for better outcomes in maternal mental healthcare.