Abstract
In four years of observation of a free-ranging Japanese monkeys, reproductive rate, physical development of infants, maternal care and alloparental care were studied. Primiparous mothers, orphanned mothers and old mothers showed different types of maternal care from typical multiparous mothers, and the reproductive success of each of these categories of mother also differed. Among nulliparae, 2-year-old females showed the most interest in infants. Adult females were generally indifferent to other females' infants and came to act aggressively toward them with increasing age and maternal experience.
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