Materials and their application in the nuclear industry

Abstract

During the next 25–50 years an interim energy source that minimizes the consumption of the natural resources of the world is required. Based on current technological forecasting, nuclear power can satisfy these guidelines. Today, we are undergoing an evolution in nuclear power generating sources. We have in service nuclear burners such as the light water reactors (LWR) and the gas-cooled reactors (GCR). Currently available is a second-generation reactor concept, the breeder, which has been proven feasible and will be the primary source of energy within the next 25 years. These energy sources are possible only because materials technology has been advanced through the combined efforts of both the theoreticians and engineers of the world. This paper discusses the metallurgical investigations that are being conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory on materials for nuclear applications. It will concentrate on pressure vessel materials such as ASTM A 508 Class 2 and A 533 Grade B steels for LWR and concrete and prestressing tendons for the GCR. In addition, the paper discusses the liquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) and describes the materials used in the primary containment, intermediate heat exchanger, and steam generator. This discussion of the LMFBR includes both austenitic and ferritic materials. The paper emphasizes the cooperative responsibility of the metallographer and engineer in optimizing material development and selection to ensure the safe and reliable behavior of nuclear components.