Material effects in fretting wear: application to iron, titanium, and aluminum alloys

Abstract

Fretting wear tests were performed on several alloys (low alloyed and stainless steels, Ti6A14V titanium alloy, 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys) slid against themselves in air under relatively low stresses for various displacements (±15 to ±50 μm). Friction logs, where tangential force is plotted as a function of displacement and number of cycles, were used to characterize the fretting behavior of the materials. Wear scars and cross sections were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Depending on the amplitude of displacement, sticking, partial slip, or gross slip occurs at the interface. Gross slip leads to debris formation. Metallic particles are detached from localized, very highly deformed areas whose properties and structures are different from those of the initial material. Sticking is observed on titanium and aluminum alloys tested under the smallest displacement. Samples are only deformed elastically. During partial slip, cracks can initiate and propagate in titanium and aluminum alloys. Millimeters-long cracks are observed on aluminum alloys after 106 cycles. Mechanisms for crack formation and propagation are described in terms of fatigue properties.