Mate choice based on complex visual signals in the brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans

Abstract

In species with complex courtship, females often have the opportunity to assess multiple male cues during mate choice. Depending on the strength and form of the coevolutionary relationships between male traits and female preferences, geographic variation in signal complexes can result in a variety of mate choice scenarios ranging from partial to complete positive assortative mating. Using mate choice trials, we investigated the relationship between intrapopulation female biases for complex visual signals and interpopulation mating dynamics in 2 populations of brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans, from distinct mitochondrial DNA genetic lineages. Our results showed that courtship effort is the primary visual criterion of mate assessment in this species; females from both lineages exhibited directional preferences for increased behavioral vigor. In contrast, male nuptial color intensity and body size had little influence on female choice decisions. Interpopulation divergence in male traits was not strongly correlated with divergence in female preferences, producing asymmetric patterns of assortative mate choice across the lineage divide. We compare female preferences for male visual traits in C. inconstans with other members of the Gasterosteidae and suggest that mate assessment differs substantially between stickleback species. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.