Abstract
Water transfer through various hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer membranes was observed under a temperature gradient and analyzed by a theory based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Water is transferred through hydrophilic polymer membranes from the cold side to the hot side because the transported entropy of water in the membrane is smaller than the molar entropy of water in the external free solutions. In contrast, water is transferred through hydrophobic polymer membranes from the hot side to the cold side because the transported entropy of water in the membrane is larger than the molar entropy of water in the external free solutions.
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