Masked face image segmentation using a multilevel threshold with a hybrid fitness function

Abstract

Masked face segmentation tasks have become significantly more difficult due to the increasing use of face masks. On the other hand, the forehead, eyebrows, and eye regions are usually visible and reveal vital information. This exposed area of the face has been segmented and trusted to be used in real life for various applications, such as security, healthcare education, and projects in smart cities. The field of image segmentation has seen a significant increase in study in recent years, leading to the development of multi-level thresholding algorithms that have proven to be very successful compared to other approaches. Traditional statical techniques such as Otsu and Kapur are benchmark algorithms for image thresholding automation. The two techniques widely used, Otsu's and Kapur's entropy, are combined to create a hybrid fitness function to identify the ideal threshold values. In this study, we effectively reduce the computational time demonstrated by the high convergence curve while maintaining optimal outcomes by integrating the hybrid fitness function with multi-level thresholding using the Electric Eel Foraging Optimization (EEFO) approach to segment the uncovered region of masked face images. EEFO is a bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithm that simulates how electric EEL forages in nature. This algorithm achieved promising results in several optimization tasks, such as masked face segmentation. The proposed method is compared with ten cutting-edge algorithms focusing on recently developed metaheuristic techniques and outperforms them. Five metrics were used to evaluate the algorithm's performance: MSE, PSNR, SSIM, FSIM, and image quality index. The proposed method achieved superior results of 101.79, 26.83, 0.8058, 0.9339, and 0.9553 for average MSE, average PSNR, average SSIM, average FSIM, and average image quality index, respectively. Its superiority is verified by using the suggested approach on six benchmark images. The results demonstrate how effectively the proposed algorithm outperforms reliable metaheuristic approaches for solving masked face segmentation challenges.