Abstract
Marine natural products are considered to be valuable resources that are furnished with diverse chemical structures and various bioactivities. To date, there are seven compounds derived from marine natural products which have been approved as therapeutic drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Numerous bromotyrosine derivatives have been isolated as a type of marine natural products. Among them, psammaplin A, including the oxime groups and carbon–sulfur bonds, was the first identified symmetrical bromotyrosine-derived disulfide dimer. It has been found to have a broad bioactive spectrum, especially in terms of antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. The highest potential indole-derived psammaplin A derivative, UVI5008, is used as an epigenetic modulator with multiple enzyme inhibitory activities. Inspired by these reasons, psammaplin A has gradually become a research focus for pharmacologists and chemists. To the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review about the biological activity and structural modification of psammaplin A. In this review, the pharmacological effects, total synthesis, and synthesized derivatives of psammaplin A are summarized.
Highlights
Accumulating evidence indicates that natural products isolated from plants, animals, and microorganisms have played irreplaceable roles in the development of new drugs for human therapeutics [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
The results showed that psammaplin A noncompetitively inhibited panobinostat, indicating its latency to be a reversing agent (LRA) to induce proviral expression [71]
The results showed that psammaplin A-treated somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) exerted increased nuclear transfer embryonic stem cell (ESC) derivation and blastocyst rates, and further increased embryo delay, which was not necessarily related to the epigenetic effects [73]
Summary
Accumulating evidence indicates that natural products isolated from plants, animals, and microorganisms have played irreplaceable roles in the development of new drugs for human therapeutics [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of psammaplin A were related to multiple enzyme inhibition, such as DNA gyrase [30], topoisomerase II [35], chitinase [36], farnesyl protein transferase [37], mycothiol-S-conjugate amidase [38], leucine aminopeptidase [37], DNA polymerase α-primase [39], aminopeptidase N [40], and especially potent inhibitory effects on histone deacetylases (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes [28] These enzymes exert extremely important roles in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
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