Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB), and the consequent release of toxic metabolites, can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks. Marine wildlife can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain, which presents a threat to consumers’ health. Some of these toxins, such as saxitoxin (STX), domoic acid (DA), ciguatoxin (CTX), brevetoxin (BTX), tetrodotoxin (TTX), and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), cause severe neurological symptoms in humans. Considerable information is missing, however, notably the consequences of toxin exposures on changes in gene expression, protein profile, and metabolic pathways. This information could lead to understanding the consequence of marine neurotoxin exposure in aquatic organisms and humans. Nevertheless, recent contributions to the knowledge of neurotoxins arise from OMICS-based research, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the most recent research and of the available solutions to explore OMICS datasets in order to identify new features in terms of ecotoxicology, food safety, and human health. In addition, future perspectives in OMICS studies are discussed.
Highlights
IntroductionToxic substances produced mostly by certain species of toxigenic microalgae ( called toxigenic phytoplankton), or toxins produced by bacteria (cyanobacteria, exogenous, or endosymbiotic bacteria)
Marine biotoxins are phycotoxins, toxic substances produced mostly by certain species of toxigenic microalgae, or toxins produced by bacteria
Marine biotoxins pose a serious threat to human health, as exposure to these marine biotoxins, mostly from ingestion of contaminated seafood, can possibly cause symptoms based on the type of biotoxins
Summary
Toxic substances produced mostly by certain species of toxigenic microalgae ( called toxigenic phytoplankton), or toxins produced by bacteria (cyanobacteria, exogenous, or endosymbiotic bacteria). Marine biotoxins were interesting as marine drugs, for their neurological properties Due to their impact on human health, as well as the environmental and economic consequences that the proliferation of toxic algae generates, marine toxins are being widely studied by the scientific community. Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, 18 and economic consequences that the proliferation of toxic algae generates, marine toxins are being widely studied by the scientific community. Drugs 2022, 20, 18 and economic consequences that the proliferation of toxic algae generates, marine toxins are being widely studied by the scientific community [6]), as as well well as as reviews reviews that that study study biosynthesis biosynthesis pathways [7]
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