Abstract
Marine tunicates are identified as a potential source of marine natural products (MNPs), demonstrating a wide range of biological properties, like antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The symbiotic relationship between tunicates and specific microbial groups has revealed the acquisition of microbial compounds by tunicates for defensive purpose. For instance, yellow pigmented compounds, “tambjamines”, produced by the tunicate, Sigillina signifera (Sluiter, 1909), primarily originated from their bacterial symbionts, which are involved in their chemical defense function, indicating the ecological role of symbiotic microbial association with tunicates. This review has garnered comprehensive literature on MNPs produced by tunicates and their symbiotic microbionts. Various sections covered in this review include tunicates’ ecological functions, biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and anticancer activities, metabolic origins, utilization of invasive tunicates, and research gaps. Apart from the literature content, 20 different chemical databases were explored to identify tunicates-derived MNPs. In addition, the management and exploitation of tunicate resources in the global oceans are detailed for their ecological and biotechnological implications.
Highlights
It was observed that actinomycetes, fungi, and bacteria are the predominant microbes associated with the tunicates, showing cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities [26], with the production of alkaloids as the major source of marine natural products (MNPs) [27]
This review aimed to provide the chemical profiles of various tunicates and their associated microbes for biotechnological and drug development applications
Trabectedin (Ecteinascidin; ET-743; Yondelis® ), an alkaloid extracted from the orange tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata, is approved as a first anticancer drug [138] to treat breast cancer [139,140], soft tissue sarcoma [141], and ovarian cancer [142,143,144]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Tunicates are prolific producers of marine natural products (MNPs), and certain species are known to release toxins, such as Bistramide A [11,12]. It was observed that actinomycetes, fungi, and bacteria are the predominant microbes associated with the tunicates, showing cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities [26], with the production of alkaloids as the major source of MNPs [27]. In this context, this review aimed to provide the chemical profiles of various tunicates and their associated microbes for biotechnological and drug development applications
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