Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are among the leading nosocomial infections in the world and have led to the extensive study of various strategies to prevent infection. However, despite an abundance of anti-infection materials having been studied over the last forty-five years, only a few types have come into clinical use, providing an insignificant reduction in CAUTIs. In recent decades, marine resources have emerged as an unexplored area of opportunity offering huge potential in discovering novel bioactive materials to combat human diseases. Some of these materials, such as antimicrobial compounds and biosurfactants synthesized by marine microorganisms, exhibit potent antimicrobial, antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity against a broad spectrum of uropathogens (including multidrug-resistant pathogens) that could be potentially used in urinary catheters to eradicate CAUTIs. This paper summarizes information on the most relevant materials that have been obtained from marine-derived microorganisms over the last decade and discusses their potential as new agents against CAUTIs, providing a prospective proposal for researchers.
Highlights
Urinary catheters are hollow, partially flexible tubes that are designed to drain urine from the bladder
Previous attempts to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) include improving sterile techniques to inhibit the access of microbes into the urinary tract and limiting microbial accumulation on the catheter surface by intermittent catheterization
Similar antibacterial and antifungal activities were found for the BSs produced by Halobacterium salinarum [127]. Another surfactin produced by the marine actinobacterium Nocardiopsis alba MSA10 was shown to effectively inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans, without effects on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [128]
Summary
Partially flexible tubes that are designed to drain urine from the bladder. Over 100 million urinary catheters are used worldwide per year since catheterization rates remain high at 20% in non-intensive care units and 61% in intensive care units (ICUs) [2]. Despite the care taken to avoid contamination, catheters are still susceptible to infections as they provide direct access for uropathogens from the outside environment into the urinary tract, impairing local host defence mechanisms of the bladder [3,4]. According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) account for. Previous attempts to prevent CAUTIs include improving sterile techniques to inhibit the access of microbes into the urinary tract and limiting microbial accumulation on the catheter surface by intermittent catheterization.
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